Valium, classified as a benzodiazepine, operates as a tranquilizer with both mental and physical implications in cases of overdose. Consequently, it's imperative to engage in a discussion with a medical professional before embarking on diazepam treatment. Notably, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes Valium as one of its "Essential Medicines."

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Active Component and Clinical Mechanisms

Valium contains the active ingredient diazepam, belonging to the benzodiazepine class—an array of psychoactive substances that influence the central nervous system. Their impact can manifest positively or negatively. Within the realm of the nervous system, benzodiazepines elicit the following effects:

  • Sedation
  • Calming
  • Anxiolytic (anti-anxiety)
  • Anticonvulsant
  • Amnestic (memory loss)

Furthermore, diazepam can intensify the clinical effects of various other medications, encompassing sedatives, analgesics, neuroleptics, narcotic drugs, and even alcohol. Prolonged use of Valium carries the potential for addiction development.

Diazepam functions by augmenting the actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter within the brain. Swift absorption from the gastrointestinal tract characterizes diazepam, followed by its primary excretion through urine pathways.

Usage Guidelines for Valium

Valium in its oral form finds application in the treatment of:

  • Neurotic behaviors, encompassing both single and combined therapy. This includes conditions like anxiety, hypochondriac disorders, hysteria, and neurasthenia.
  • Mono- and combined therapy for organic brain disorders, psychosis, and dysphoria.
  • Management of severe insomnia.
  • Part of complex therapy for status epilepticus.
  • Incorporation into treatment strategies for schizophrenia and phobic disorders.
  • Addressing psychosomatic disorders.
  • Premedication for patients scheduled for surgical procedures

The injectable variant of Valium is employed for the management of acute neuropsychiatric disorders, panic attacks, anxiety, epileptic seizures marked by profound paralysis and emotional manifestations. Further indications encompass alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens.

Moreover, Valium holds an indication for treating neurosis and neurotic disorders, which can be accompanied by urinary incontinence, headaches, and behavioral disturbances, specifically in children.

Contraindications

Valium should not be administered to patients with:

  • Allergies or hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines or any constituents of the medication.
  • Manifestation of suicidal tendencies.
  • Pre-existing myasthenia gravis.
  • A history of substance abuse involving drugs or alcohol (unless addressing withdrawal syndrome).
  • Conditions of cardiac or respiratory failure, as well as sleep apnea syndrome.
  • Closed-angle glaucoma.)

Special care must be taken when prescribing Valium to:

  • Elderly individuals.
  • Children under the age of 3.

Dosage and Administration Guidelines

Valium tablets can be ingested with or without food. The appropriate dosage must be determined on an individual basis, taking into account the nature and severity of the patient's condition.

  • For the management of anxiety disorders: 2.5−10 mg, taken 2 to 4 times daily.
  • In the treatment of neurosis: 5−10 mg, administered 2 to 3 times daily.
  • Children aged over 3 years: A daily dose of 2.5 mg. It's crucial to prescribe Valium at the lowest effective dose and for the shortest duration feasible.

Adverse Effects

Valium usage can lead to certain side effects, with the most frequently encountered ones being:

  • Nervous system issues: Drowsiness, muscle weakness, mood fluctuations, sleep disturbances, depression, hallucinations, ataxia, tremors, headaches, and confusion.
  • Gastrointestinal disturbances: Hypersalivation, alterations in stool consistency and frequency, jaundice, nausea, and dry stools.
  • Visual impairments
  • Changes in libido
  • Urinary incontinence
  • Respiratory complications
  • Joint pain
  • Skin rash and itching
  • Local inflammation (pertaining to injection use)
  • Respiratory complications
  • Extended Valium use can result in addiction and withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of treatment.

Initial Measures for Valium Overdose

Valium overdose can lead to symptoms like areflexia, respiratory failure, cardiorespiratory depression, apnea, and even coma. Immediate measures might include gastric lavage, utilization of sorbents, and the application of a specific antidote called flumazenil. In severe instances, mechanical ventilation could be necessary.